Factors Affecting the Internal Resistance of Lead-acid Batteries

The internal resistance of lead-acid batteries can be influenced by various factors, which include:

  1. State of Charge (SoC):
    • High SoC: At high states of charge, the internal resistance is usually lower.
    • Low SoC: As the battery discharges, the internal resistance tends to increase.
  2. Temperature:
    • High Temperatures: Generally, higher temperatures decrease internal resistance.
    • Low Temperatures: Lower temperatures increase internal resistance, as the electrolyte becomes more viscous and the chemical reactions slow down.
  3. Age and Usage:
    • Aging: As the battery ages, the internal resistance typically increases due to the degradation of active materials and the buildup of lead sulfate.
    • Cycling: Frequent cycling (charging and discharging) can lead to increased internal resistance over time.
  4. Electrolyte Concentration:
    • High Concentration: Higher concentration of sulfuric acid can lower internal resistance, up to an optimal point.
    • Low Concentration: Diluted electrolyte increases internal resistance.
  5. Battery Design:
    • Plate Thickness: Thicker plates can reduce internal resistance but may affect other performance characteristics.
    • Separator Material: The type and quality of separator material can influence the internal resistance.
  6. Maintenance and Care:
    • Proper Maintenance: Regular maintenance, such as topping up electrolyte levels and ensuring clean terminals, can help keep internal resistance low.
    • Poor Maintenance: Neglecting maintenance can lead to increased internal resistance due to factors like corrosion and sulfation.
  7. Manufacturing Quality:
    • High-Quality Construction: Batteries made with high-quality materials and processes tend to have lower internal resistance.
    • Defects and Impurities: Manufacturing defects or impurities in the materials can increase internal resistance.
  8. State of Health (SoH):
    • Healthy Battery: A battery in good health will have lower internal resistance.
    • Degraded Battery: Degradation mechanisms such as sulfation, corrosion, and shedding of active material can increase internal resistance.

By understanding and managing these factors, the performance and longevity of lead-acid batteries can be optimized.

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