While lead-acid batteries have been a mainstay in PV systems, their integration presents several challenges that can impact overall system performance. One major issue is the efficiency of lead-acid batteries, which tends to be lower compared to more modern battery technologies. This inefficiency results in higher energy losses during charge and discharge cycles, reducing the overall efficiency of the photovoltaic system.
Another significant challenge is the limited cycle life of lead-acid batteries. Frequent deep discharges, common in PV systems, can shorten the lifespan of lead-acid batteries. This necessitates more frequent replacements, which can increase the long-term operational costs of the system. Moreover, lead-acid batteries require maintenance, such as water replenishment and cleaning, which adds complexity to system management. Finally, the environmental impact of lead-acid batteries, particularly in terms of recycling and disposal, raises sustainability concerns. Despite their relatively low upfront costs, these challenges suggest that PV system owners should carefully evaluate the long-term implications of using lead-acid batteries.
